1 Introduction

Fresh-eating corn is a significant crop due to its high nutritional value and consumer demand. It is cultivated extensively in various regions, with techniques varying based on local environmental conditions and available resources. China currently has a fresh corn planting area of over 1.5 million hectares, making it the world's largest producer and consumer of fresh corn. The Yangtze River Delta region is densely populated and economically developed, making it one of the main planting areas for fresh corn in China and the largest fresh corn consumer market. Zhejiang Province started early in the cultivation and has developed rapidly of fresh corn. Its industrial development is at the forefront of the country, especially in terms of quality, leading the development direction of fresh corn in China.The economic value of fresh-eating corn is substantial, as it is a staple in many diets and a key ingredient in numerous food products. The cultivation of fresh-eating corn not only supports local economies but also contributes to food security by providing a reliable source of nutrition (Li et al., 2018).

High-efficiency cultivation techniques are crucial for maximizing the yield and efficiency of fresh-eating corn production. These techniques include optimized nutrient management, water use efficiency improvements, and innovative planting methods such as ridge-furrow systems and plastic mulching. Such practices have been shown to significantly enhance grain yield, water use efficiency, and nutrient uptake, thereby increasing overall productivity and sustainability of maize cultivation (Li et al., 2019). For instance, integrating density and fertilizer management can optimize biomass accumulation and nutrient distribution, leading to higher yields (Bai and Gao, 2020). Additionally, techniques like drip irrigation and plastic mulching have been effective in arid regions, improving water use efficiency and economic returns (Zhang et al., 2017).

This study reviews and synthesizes recent advances in efficient cultivation techniques of fresh corn, focusing on how to improve yield and resource utilization efficiency through efficient management. Through the systematic sorting and analysis of various innovative cultivation techniques, it provides effective technical strategies and practical guidance for improving the efficiency of corn production. This study can guide farmers and agricultural stakeholders to adopt efficient cultivation techniques that can both increase productivity and ensure the sustainable use of resources. This is particularly important in the context of global challenges such as climate change and resource shortages, as efficient agricultural practices play an indispensable role in maintaining food security and economic stability (Ren et al., 2020).

2 Growth Characteristics and Technical Demands for High-Efficiency Cultivation of Fresh-Eating Corn

2.1 Growth cycle and physiological characteristics of fresh-eating corn

Fresh-eating corn, such as waxy corn, exhibits specific physiological characteristics that are influenced by cultivation techniques. For instance, the physiological traits like root system vigor, leaf area duration (LAD), and chlorophyll content can be enhanced through methods such as seedling transplanting and ground film covering, which ultimately lead to higher yields (Wang and Hu, 2021). The growth cycle of fresh-eating corn is also affected by the timing of sowing, with early spring planting recommended in certain regions to optimize growth conditions. Additionally, the selection of corn varieties with desirable traits such as early maturity and high yield potential is crucial for successful cultivation (Pereira et al., 2020).

2.2 Technical demands and challenges for high-yield, high-efficiency cultivation of fresh-eating corn

Achieving high yield and efficiency in fresh-eating corn cultivation requires addressing several technical demands and challenges. Key techniques include the selection of high-quality varieties, isolation cultivation, and appropriate sowing times to maximize growth potential. The use of controlled-release urea (CRU) has been shown to enhance nitrogen use efficiency and increase fresh ear yield, particularly when applied at specific soil depths. However, challenges such as pest and disease management, as well as the need for precise field management practices, remain critical to achieving optimal yields (Resende et al., 2019).

2.3 Key factors in the planting and management of fresh corn

Effective planting and management of fresh corn involve several key factors. Rational planting density and timely harvesting are essential to maximize yield and quality (Liu et al., 2019). The application of fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, must be carefully managed to ensure nutrient availability without causing environmental harm. Additionally, irrigation techniques, such as subsurface drip irrigation, can significantly impact growth and yield, with deeper irrigation depths often resulting in better outcomes. The integration of plant growth-promoting bacteria can also enhance nutrient uptake and improve overall plant health and productivity (Shahini et al., 2023).

3 Key High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques

3.1 Variety selection and optimization

Variety selection is crucial for optimizing maize yield and efficiency. Selecting high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties can significantly enhance productivity. For instance, the study on summer maize in Hebei Province emphasizes the importance of choosing suitable varieties to achieve high yield and efficiency (Ghosh et al., 2020). Additionally, integrating density and fertilizer management can optimize biomass and nutrient distribution, which is essential for selecting the right variety that can thrive under specific cultivation patterns.Fresh corn varieties such as 'Xue Tian 7401' (Zhe Shen Yu 2018003), 'Zhe Tian 19' (Zhe Shen Yu 2020002), and 'Zhe Nuo Yu 18' (Zhe Shen Yu 2021005) have been widely promoted and applied in Zhejiang Province in recent years due to their good quality and suitable growth period (Figure 1).

3.2 Sowing density and rational crop rotation systems

Optimizing sowing density is a key factor in improving maize yield. High-density planting, as demonstrated in maize-soybean relay intercropping, can significantly increase yield by enhancing light interception and photosynthetic productivity (Figure 2). Moreover, rational crop rotation systems, such as the wheat-maize double-cropping system, can improve resource use efficiency and maintain high productivity (Kanampiu et al., 2018). These systems help in better utilization of available resources and reduce the pressure on soil nutrients.

Figure 2 Light distribution of the maize canopy (Adopted from Chen et al., 2022) Image caption: (A, B): light distribution of R1 CC and DC maize canopy; DC: intensive cultivation; CC: ordinary cultivation; figure value is photosynthetic effective radiation (PAR, μ mol m-2s-1) (Adopted from Chen et al., 2022)

3.3 Water and fertilizer management techniques

Effective water and fertilizer management are critical for high-efficiency maize cultivation. Techniques like drip irrigation combined with plastic mulching have been shown to optimize water use efficiency (WUE) and economic returns in arid regions (Nandjui et al., 2019). Similarly, integrated agronomic management practices can enhance nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield by optimizing fertilization patterns and sowing methods. Ridge-furrow precipitation harvesting techniques also improve WUE and grain yield by enhancing soil water storage and nutrient uptake (Chen et al., 2022).

3.4 Integrated pest and disease control measures

Integrated pest and disease control measures are essential for maintaining high maize yields. The use of optimized cropping systems and timely application of herbicides and pesticides can effectively control pests and diseases, as highlighted in the cultivation techniques for summer maize. Additionally, changing sowing methods and optimizing planting patterns can help avoid diseases like maize rough dwarf virus, thereby supporting high yield and efficiency (Babendreier et al., 2019).

4 Precision Management Techniques in High-Efficiency Cultivation

4.1 Applications of smart agriculture in fresh-eating corn cultivation

Smart agriculture technologies, such as precision farming, have been increasingly applied to enhance the efficiency of fresh-eating corn cultivation. These technologies involve the use of advanced tools like active canopy sensors and remote sensing to optimize nitrogen management, which is crucial for improving yield potential and nitrogen use efficiency (Cordero et al., 2019). For instance, the use of GreenSeeker sensors has been shown to significantly improve nitrogen management strategies, leading to increased profitability and sustainability in maize production (Dahal et al., 2020). Additionally, precision farming parallel management technology has been developed to provide digital and scientific decision support, achieving high production efficiency with reduced fertilizer inputs.

4.2 Precision irrigation and fertilization techniques for farmlands

Precision irrigation and fertilization are critical components of high-efficiency cultivation techniques. In the context of maize, precision nitrogen and water management have been shown to enhance productivity and energy efficiency. For example, the integration of conservation agriculture with precision nitrogen management and optimal irrigation has resulted in higher maize yields and economic returns. Similarly, variable rate nitrogen and water management strategies, which utilize site-specific management zones and proximal remote sensing, have demonstrated the potential to optimize input use efficiency without compromising yields (Sairam et al., 2023). These techniques allow for fine-tuning of irrigation and fertilization to achieve optimal yield and resource use efficiency.

4.3 Cultivation environment monitoring based on big data

The use of big data in monitoring the cultivation environment is a transformative approach in precision agriculture. By leveraging data from various sources, such as soil and crop sensors, farmers can make informed decisions to optimize crop management practices. For instance, precision nutrient management tools, such as the Nutrient Expert tool and GreenSeeker, have been used to improve nutrient use efficiency and crop yields in maize cultivation (Wang et al., 2019). These tools enable the collection and analysis of large datasets to provide insights into the optimal nutrient application rates and methods, thereby enhancing the overall sustainability and profitability of maize production.

5 Comparative Analysis of Different Cultivation Models

5.1 Single-season planting vs. multi-season rotation models

Single-season planting focuses on cultivating maize in a single growing period, which can simplify management and reduce the risk of pest and disease accumulation. However, multi-season rotation models, which involve alternating maize with other crops, can enhance soil fertility and reduce pest pressures over time (Huang et al., 2022). The study on maize hybrids in equatorial regions highlights the importance of adaptability and phenotypic stability across diverse environments, which can be better managed through rotation models that accommodate different crop needs and environmental conditions (Kimball et al., 2019).

5.2 Comparison of yield and economic efficiency between intensive and small-scale farming

Intensive farming methods, such as those involving high input of fertilizers and optimized planting densities, generally result in higher yields. For instance, a study using data envelopment analysis showed that certain intensive cultivation measures were more effective in maximizing maize yield (Azrai et al., 2023). Conversely, small-scale farming, often characterized by lower input levels, may not achieve the same yield levels but can be more sustainable and cost-effective in the long term. The comparison of conventional and low input farming methods revealed that while conventional methods often yield better results, the choice of maize variety plays a more significant role in determining the nutritional value and yield (Roberts et al., 2017).

5.3 Technical highlights and advantages of greenhouse vs. open-field cultivation

Greenhouse cultivation offers controlled environmental conditions, which can lead to improved maize quality and yield stability. This method allows for the precise management of factors such as temperature, humidity, and light, which are crucial for optimizing maize growth. In contrast, open-field cultivation is subject to environmental variability but can be more cost-effective and suitable for large-scale production. The study on modern cultivation technologies emphasizes the importance of optimizing agronomic processes, which can be more effectively managed in a greenhouse setting to improve yield and grain quality (Drobitko et al., 2024).In Zhejiang, using greenhouses and plug pots, the seedling cultivation of fresh corn is advanced to early February. In late February, it is transplanted into plastic steel frame greenhouses, and fresh ears are harvested in mid May, which is one month earlier than open field cultivation. The selling price of fresh ears is over 15 yuan per kilogram, and the output value reaches 150 000 yuan/hm² (Zhao et al., 2020).

6 Regional Applications of High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques

6.1 Characteristics of fresh-eating corn cultivation in different ecological zones

Fresh-eating corn cultivation varies significantly across different ecological zones due to variations in climate, soil type, and water availability. In semi-arid regions, techniques such as ridge-furrow precipitation harvesting with plastic mulching have been shown to improve water use efficiency and maize yield by enhancing soil water storage and balancing hormonal changes in maize seeds (Wang et al., 2020). In dry semi-humid areas, the ridge-furrow with plastic film mulching practice has been effective in increasing maize productivity and resource use efficiency, particularly in wheat-maize double-cropping systems. In the Huang-Huai-Hai region, optimizing planting density and nitrogen application rates has been crucial for enhancing maize yield and resource utilization efficiency (Xin and Tao, 2019).

6.2 Adaptability and promotion strategies for regionalized technologies

Adaptability of cultivation techniques is essential for their successful implementation across different regions. In semi-arid and dry semi-humid areas, the ridge-furrow system has been adapted to improve water use efficiency and yield by modifying planting density and fertilization methods (Wu et al., 2024). Promotion strategies include educating farmers on the benefits of these techniques and providing support for the adoption of innovative practices such as surface drip fertilization and optimized nitrogen application. Additionally, integrating genotype-environment-management interactions can enhance productivity and eco-efficiency in maize cultivation.

6.3 Case studies of regional high-efficiency cultivation techniques

Several case studies highlight the success of high-efficiency cultivation techniques in different regions. In the semi-arid regions of China, the ridge-furrow precipitation harvesting technique with plastic mulching significantly improved maize yield and water use efficiency (Li et al., 2017). In the Huang-Huai-Hai region, surface drip fertilization combined with increased planting density and reduced nitrogen application rates led to higher yields and resource efficiency. In the North China Plain, optimizing genotype-environment-management interactions has been shown to enhance productivity and reduce environmental risks in wheat-maize rotations. These case studies demonstrate the potential of tailored cultivation techniques to improve maize production across diverse ecological zones.

7 High-Efficiency Cultivation and Sustainable Agriculture

7.1 Impact of high-efficiency cultivation on soil health

High-efficiency cultivation techniques, such as conservation tillage and diversified cropping systems, have been shown to positively impact soil health by enhancing soil nutrient balance and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Liu, 2024). For instance, zero tillage (ZT) systems have demonstrated higher levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil compared to conventional tillage systems, thereby improving soil fertility and structure. Additionally, practices like integrated soil-crop system management (ISSM) that combine organic and inorganic fertilizers have been effective in maintaining soil health while achieving high maize yields and nitrogen use efficiency (Agbodjato and Babalola, 2024).

7.2 Practices of eco-friendly cultivation techniques

Eco-friendly cultivation techniques include the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), integrated nutrient management (INM), and conservation agriculture practices. PGPR can enhance root development and nutrient absorption, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, thus promoting sustainable agriculture (Zhang et al., 2024). INM strategies, which blend organic and inorganic fertilizers, optimize nutrient availability and reduce environmental impacts such as nutrient runoff and soil degradation. Conservation agriculture practices, including crop residue retention and no-till farming, contribute to improved soil carbon sequestration and eco-efficiency (Babu et al., 2020).

7.3 Resource conservation and environmental protection in fresh-eating corn production

Resource conservation and environmental protection in fresh-eating corn production can be achieved through practices that enhance energy efficiency and reduce carbon footprints. For example, the maize-French bean cropping system has been identified as energy-efficient and environmentally safer, with a lower carbon footprint compared to traditional maize-fallow systems (Babu et al., 2023). Additionally, straw incorporation in maize cultivation has been shown to improve water use efficiency and yield, while also contributing to soil conservation and reduced environmental burden (Figure 3). These practices not only conserve resources but also align with sustainable agricultural goals by minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing biodiversity (Li, 2024).

Figure 3 The relative importance of variables in maize yield and water use efficiency response to straw incorporation (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2024) Image caption: a: shows the relative importance ranking of factors influencing changes in maize yield under straw incorporation. b: shows the relative importance ranking of factors influencing changes in maize water use efficiency (WUE) under straw incorporation. The different colors in the figures represent various production conditions: blue for climatic factors, yellow for soil conditions, and green for field management practices (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2024)

8 Concluding Remarks

High-efficiency cultivation techniques for fresh-eating corn focus on optimizing various agronomic practices to enhance yield and resource use efficiency. Key techniques include the selection of appropriate maize varieties, balanced fertilization, and innovative planting methods such as ridge-furrow systems with plastic mulching, which have been shown to improve water use efficiency and yield in semi-arid regions. Additionally, integrating density and fertilizer management has been effective in optimizing biomass accumulation and nutrient remobilization, thereby increasing grain yield and nutrient use efficiency. Drip irrigation combined with plastic mulching has also been identified as a successful strategy to conserve water and improve economic returns in arid areas.

The adoption of high-efficiency cultivation techniques has significantly contributed to the development of the fresh-eating corn industry by increasing productivity and sustainability. Techniques such as high-density planting and optimized nutrient management have led to higher yields and improved resource use efficiency, which are crucial for meeting the growing demand for fresh-eating corn. These practices not only enhance the economic viability of corn production but also support the sustainable development of the industry by reducing the environmental impact of agricultural practices.

The future development of the fresh-eating corn industry hinges on the integration and innovation of cultivation technologies. Continued research and development in areas such as precision agriculture, advanced irrigation systems, and genetic improvements are essential for further enhancing yield and resource efficiency. The integration of these technologies can lead to more resilient agricultural systems capable of adapting to climate change and other environmental challenges. Moreover, fostering innovation in cultivation techniques will be vital for maintaining the competitiveness and sustainability of the fresh-eating corn industry in the global market.

Acknowledgments

I am deeply grateful to Professor R. Cai for his multiple reviews of this paper and for his constructive revision suggestions.

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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